Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
- Duly Care
- Apr 4
- 8 min read
A vaginal yeast infection, also known as vaginal candidiasis, is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a type of yeast that naturally exists in the body. While it is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI), it can be triggered by factors such as hormonal changes, antibiotic use, or weakened immunity. Many women experience itching, irritation, abnormal discharge, and discomfort, making it important to recognize and treat the infection effectively.
This guide will help you understand the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and prevention strategies for vaginal candiadias.
Key Takeaways
Vaginal yeast infections are caused by the overgrowth of Candida yeast, commonly triggered by antibiotics, hormonal changes, or high sugar intake.
Symptoms of include itching, irritation, burning, and abnormal vaginal discharge, which may appear white and thick.
Treatment options range from antifungal creams and oral medications to home remedies, but proper diagnosis is key to effective treatment.
Preventive measures include maintaining vaginal pH balance, avoiding douching, and wearing breathable fabrics to reduce the risk of recurrence.
What Is a Vaginal Yeast Infection or Candiadis?
A vaginal yeast infection, medically known as vaginal candidiasis, is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a type of yeast that naturally exists in the vagina. Under normal conditions, Candida coexists with beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, which help maintain a balanced vaginal environment. However, when this balance is disrupted, Candida can multiply uncontrollably, leading to irritation, inflammation, and discomfort.
Yeast infections are not classified as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but sexual activity can sometimes contribute to their development by altering vaginal flora. Although they are most common in women, yeast infections can also affect other parts of the body, such as the mouth (known as oral thrush), skin folds, and groin area.
While yeast infections are not typically dangerous, they can cause significant discomfort and may require treatment to prevent recurrence. If left untreated, symptoms may persist or worsen, impacting daily life and overall vaginal health.
Causes of Yeast Infection
A variety of factors can disrupt vaginal flora and create an environment where Candida overgrows:
Antibiotic Use
Antibiotics are designed to kill harmful bacteria that cause infections, but they also eliminate beneficial bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus, which helps regulate vaginal pH. Without enough beneficial bacteria, Candida can multiply freely, leading to an overgrowth and, consequently, a yeast infection.
Hormonal Changes
Fluctuations in hormone levels - such as those caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone therapy, or menstrual cycles - can affect the vaginal pH, making it more susceptible to Candida overgrowth. Increased estrogen levels during pregnancy or while using hormonal contraceptives can promote yeast growth.
High Sugar Intake
Candida thrives on sugar. Diets high in refined carbohydrates, processed foods, and sugary beverages can contribute to an environment that encourages yeast overgrowth. Uncontrolled diabetes can also increase sugar levels in bodily fluids, including vaginal secretions, providing more fuel for yeast to grow.
Weakened Immune System
A compromised immune system, due to conditions like HIV, autoimmune disorders, chronic stress, or chemotherapy, makes it harder for the body to keep Candida in check. Prolonged stress can weaken immunity, increase inflammation, and alter hormonal balance, making yeast infections more likely.
Tight or Non-Breathable Clothing
Wearing tight underwear, synthetic fabrics, or damp clothes can create a warm, moist environment where Candida thrives. Opting for cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes can help keep the vaginal area dry and reduce the risk of infections.
Sexual Activity
While yeast infections are not STIs, sexual activity can introduce new bacteria, change vaginal pH, or cause microtears that allow Candida to flourish. Use of spermicides, lubricants, and certain condoms may also disrupt vaginal flora, increasing infection risk. Partners can carry and transmit Candida without showing symptoms, though this is less common.
Other Contributing Factors
Douching or scented vaginal products can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria and yeast. Additionally, prolonged moisture exposure, such as wearing wet swimsuits for long periods, may encourage yeast growth. Certain medications, including steroids and immunosuppressants, can weaken the body's natural defences.
What are the Symptoms of Vaginal Yeast Infection?
Yeast infections can vary in severity, but common symptoms include:
Intense Vaginal Itching and Irritation: Persistent itching in the vaginal area is often accompanied by burning or discomfort. It can be mild or severe, sometimes making it difficult to sleep or concentrate.
Thick, White, Cottage Cheese-Like Discharge: Unlike normal vaginal discharge, yeast infection discharge is often thick, clumpy, and odourless, resembling cottage cheese. Unlike bacterial vaginosis (BV), which causes a fishy odour, yeast infections typically do not have a strong smell.
Burning Sensation, Especially During Urination or Intercourse: Urinating can cause a burning or stinging sensation due to irritation of the vaginal and vulvar tissues. Sex may also be painful or uncomfortable, especially if inflammation is present.
Redness and Swelling of the Vulva: The vulva (external genital area) may appear red, swollen, and inflamed, sometimes accompanied by small cracks or sores. Scratching due to intense itching can further irritate the skin, increasing discomfort.
Mild to Severe Vaginal Discomfort: Some women experience a constant feeling of vaginal discomfort, soreness, or dryness. Symptoms may worsen before menstruation or after sexual activity.
While mild yeast infections may resolve on their own, persistent, severe, or recurrent infections should be evaluated by a doctor. If symptoms do not improve with treatment or if they return frequently, underlying causes (such as diabetes, hormone imbalances, or immune disorders) should be investigated.
How is a Vaginal Yeast Infection Diagnosed?
Diagnosing a vaginal yeast infection involves a combination of symptom assessment, physical examination, and laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of vaginal discomfort, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Medical History and Symptom Discussion: A doctor may ask about -
The duration and severity of symptoms (itching, discharge, burning, discomfort).
Previous history of yeast infections or recurrent vaginal infections.
Any recent use of antibiotics, hormonal contraceptives, or douching.
Lifestyle factors like diet, clothing choices, and sexual activity may contribute to infection risk.
Pelvic Examination: During a physical examination, the doctor may -
Inspect the vulva and vaginal walls for redness, swelling, irritation, or small cracks.
Check for abnormal vaginal discharge, which in the case of yeast infections is typically thick, white, and odourless (resembling cottage cheese).
Look for signs of inflammation that might indicate a more severe or persistent infection.
Microscopic Test (Wet Mount) - A sample of vaginal discharge is collected using a sterile swab and placed on a glass slide. The sample is then examined under a microscope to detect the presence of Candida yeast cells. A KOH (potassium hydroxide) test may be performed by adding a solution to the sample to break down cells, making yeast more visible under the microscope.
Vaginal pH Test - A pH test strip is used to measure vaginal acidity levels. Normal vaginal pH is between 3.8 and 4.5, which remains unchanged in yeast infections. If the pH is higher than 4.5, it may indicate bacterial vaginosis (BV) or trichomoniasis, rather than a yeast infection.
Advanced Diagnostic Tests (for Recurrent or Unclear Cases) - If yeast infections are persistent, recurrent (more than four times a year), or not responding to standard treatments, additional tests may be needed:
Fungal Culture: A sample of vaginal discharge is sent to a laboratory to grow the yeast and identify the specific strain of Candida. This helps determine whether drug-resistant Candida is present.
DNA or PCR Testing: Advanced tests may be used to detect genetic material from Candida for more precise diagnosis, especially in complex or recurrent cases.
A correct diagnosis is essential because many vaginal infections share similar symptoms, but require different treatments. Misdiagnosis and self-treatment without medical confirmation can lead to worsening symptoms or recurrent infections.
Treatment Options for Yeast Infections
Yeast infections are typically treated with antifungal medications, with options depending on severity, frequency, and individual health factors.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) and Prescription Medications
Antifungal Creams & Suppositories (Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Tioconazole): Available as creams, suppositories, and tablets. Short (1-3 days) or extended (7-14 days) treatments. Provides quick relief but can be messy.
Oral Antifungal Pills (Fluconazole): A single-dose prescription pill that treats yeast infections systemically. Not suitable for pregnant women.
Topical Ointments: Hydrocortisone or antifungal creams can relieve external itching but should not be inserted into the vagina.
Home Remedies & Natural Treatments
Eating Probiotics (Greek Yogurt, Supplements): Helps restore healthy vaginal bacteria.
Coconut Oil: Has antifungal properties and can soothe irritation when applied externally.
Boric Acid Suppositories: Used for recurrent infections, but requires medical supervision.
Apple Cider Vinegar Baths: May help balance pH but must be diluted to avoid irritation.
⚠ Caution: Home remedies should complement, not replace, medical treatments.
When to See a Doctor
Seek medical help if:
Symptoms persist despite treatment.
Infections occur more than four times a year.
Unusual discharge suggests BV or an STI.
You’re pregnant or have underlying health conditions.
For frequent or severe cases, long-term management with antifungals, probiotics, and lifestyle changes may be necessary.
How to Prevent Yeast Infections?
Preventing yeast infections involves maintaining a healthy vaginal environment and avoiding triggers that promote yeast overgrowth.
Wear breathable cotton underwear: Cotton absorbs moisture and allows airflow, reducing excess dampness that encourages yeast growth. Avoid tight or synthetic fabrics like nylon and spandex, which trap heat and moisture.
Practice good hygiene: Wash the vaginal area with mild, unscented soap and normal water. Avoid douching, scented soaps, feminine wipes, and sprays, as they disrupt the natural vaginal flora.
Limit sugar intake: Yeast thrives on sugar, so high sugar consumption can contribute to overgrowth. Maintaining a balanced diet with minimal processed sugars can help prevent infections.
Change out of wet clothes quickly: Sitting in damp swimsuits or sweaty gym clothes creates a warm, moist environment ideal for yeast growth. Change into dry, breathable clothing as soon as possible.
Avoid unnecessary antibiotic use: Antibiotics kill both harmful and beneficial bacteria, disrupting vaginal balance and allowing yeast to multiply. Take antibiotics only when prescribed and consider taking probiotics to restore healthy bacteria.
Maintain a strong immune system: Conditions like diabetes, stress, and poor sleep can weaken the immune system, making the body more vulnerable to infections. Managing stress and maintaining overall health can help prevent recurrent yeast infections.
Myths vs Facts
Myth: Yeast infections are STIs
Fact: They are not sexually transmitted, but sexual activity can disrupt vaginal balance and contribute to infections.
Myth: Only women get yeast infections.
Fact: Men can develop yeast infections, especially in warm, moist areas like the genitals, under the foreskin, or skin folds.
Myth: You can cure a yeast infection with yoghurt alone.
Fact: While probiotics in yoghurt can help restore vaginal bacteria, they are not a standalone treatment for active infections. Medical antifungal treatments are necessary for full recovery.
Myth: All vaginal itching means a yeast infection.
Fact: Other conditions, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), trichomoniasis, and STIs, can cause itching, discharge, and discomfort. Proper diagnosis is important for effective treatment.
Conclusion
Yeast infections are common but manageable with proper treatment and preventive care. Recognizing symptoms early, maintaining good vaginal hygiene, and making lifestyle adjustments can help reduce the risk of recurrence. If symptoms persist, worsen, or frequently return, consult a doctor to rule out other conditions and receive appropriate treatment.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can yeast infections go away on their own?
Mild infections may resolve without treatment, but most require antifungal medication to prevent recurrence.
Can a yeast infection affect pregnancy?
Yes, yeast infections are common during pregnancy due to hormonal changes, but they do not harm the baby. Proper treatment is recommended.
How long does a yeast infection last?
With treatment, symptoms usually improve within 3-7 days. Without treatment, they may persist or worsen.
Can a yeast infection cause infertility?
No, yeast infections do not cause infertility. However, untreated infections can lead to discomfort and complications.
Important
This blog, including its text, images, and infographics, is for educational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. For personalized advice, always consult a doctor.
Further Reading
For more details on this or related topics, refer to the papers listed in references below, or check out the other blogs on our website dulycare.in.
References
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Candidiasis Basics. Accessed on 2 February 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/about/index.html#:~:text=Candida%20only%20causes%20symptoms%20and,the%20throat%20into%20the%20gut
American Family Physician. Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment. 2 February 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29671516/
Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: A Persistent Public Health Problem. 2007. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17223626/
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