What are the Different Types of Contraceptive Methods?
- Duly Care
- Apr 2
- 15 min read
Contraception refers to methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. These methods work at different stages of the reproductive process, either by stopping the release of an egg (preventing ovulation), blocking sperm from reaching the egg, or preventing a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus. Fertilization, which occurs when sperm meets the egg, is the first step toward pregnancy. Contraceptive measures aim to interfere with one of these steps.
When discussing the effectiveness of contraception, perfect use refers to how effective a method is when used exactly as instructed, without error. Typical use, however, refers to how effective the method is when used in real-life situations, where mistakes may occur.
In this blog, we’ll explore the different types of contraception, detailing how each works, their effectiveness, and how to choose the right method for your needs.
Key Takeaways:
What is Contraception? Contraception prevents pregnancy by interfering with ovulation, fertilization, or implantation. It helps individuals plan pregnancies, protect reproductive health, and, in some cases, reduce STI risks.
What Are the Different Types of Contraception? Methods vary by duration and mechanism. Short-term options like pills and condoms need regular use, LARCs like IUDs provide long-term protection, and sterilization is permanent. Emergency contraception acts as a backup.
What Are Natural Methods of Contraception? Natural methods involve tracking ovulation through temperature, cervical mucus, or calendar methods. While hormone-free, they require consistency and are less reliable than medical options.
How to Choose the Right Method? The right choice depends on health, lifestyle, side effects, and future pregnancy plans. A doctor can help find the most suitable and effective option.
Barrier (On-demand) Contraception
Barrier contraception physically blocks sperm from reaching the egg, preventing fertilization. These methods are non-hormonal, making them a suitable choice for those who prefer to avoid hormonal birth control. While barrier methods are generally accessible and easy to use, their effectiveness depends on proper and consistent use. Additionally, except for condoms, they do not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Male Condoms
Male condoms are one of the most commonly used contraceptive methods. They are thin, flexible sheaths made from latex, polyurethane, or lambskin, designed to be worn over the penis during sex. Condoms prevent pregnancy by acting as a physical barrier that stops sperm from entering the vagina. Additionally, they serve as one of the few contraceptive methods that also protect against STIs, including HIV.
To be effective, condoms must be used correctly every time during sexual intercourse. This means ensuring a proper fit, using water-based or silicone-based lubricants to prevent breakage, and avoiding oil-based products that can weaken latex. Improper use, slippage, or breakage can reduce their effectiveness. Some people may also experience latex allergies and may need to opt for synthetic alternatives like polyurethane or polyisoprene condoms.
Efficacy: When used perfectly, male condoms are 98% effective, but with typical use, the effectiveness drops to about 85%, meaning about 15 out of 100 people relying solely on condoms will experience an unintended pregnancy within a year.
Female Condoms
Female condoms, also known as internal condoms, are pouch-like devices made of nitrile or latex that are inserted into the vagina before intercourse. They create a protective barrier that lines the vaginal walls and covers the cervix, preventing sperm from reaching an egg. Unlike male condoms, they provide a wider coverage area and also reduce the risk of STIs by partially covering the external genitalia.
Female condoms offer greater control to individuals who may not be able to rely on their partner to use protection. They can be inserted up to eight hours before intercourse, making them a convenient option. However, they can be more difficult to use correctly and may shift out of place during sex, leading to a reduced effectiveness rate.
Efficacy: With perfect use, female condoms are 95% effective, but with typical use, the effectiveness is around 79%, meaning about 21 out of 100 people relying solely on female condoms will experience an unintended pregnancy within a year.
Diaphragms and Cervical Caps
A diaphragm is a flexible, dome-shaped silicone cup that is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix before intercourse. It acts as a physical barrier, preventing sperm from entering the uterus. For maximum effectiveness, it must be used with spermicide, a chemical that kills sperm. A cervical cap functions similarly but is smaller and fits snugly around the cervix. Unlike diaphragms, which can be inserted up to six hours before intercourse, cervical caps can be worn for up to 48 hours.
Both methods require a prescription and proper fitting from a doctor. Users must leave them in place for at least six hours after sex to ensure that any sperm present is neutralized by the spermicide. However, they should be removed within 24 hours for diaphragms and 48 hours for cervical caps to reduce the risk of infections. Since these methods do not provide protection against STIs, they are best used in monogamous relationships where partners have been tested for infections.
Efficacy: When used perfectly, diaphragms are 94% effective, but with typical use, their effectiveness is 83%. Cervical caps have a lower success rate, with about 86% effectiveness in people who have never given birth, but 71% effectiveness in those who have had children due to changes in cervix shape after childbirth.
Contraceptive Sponge
The contraceptive sponge is a small, round, foam disc infused with spermicide that is inserted into the vagina before intercourse. It works by covering the cervix to physically block sperm from entering the uterus while also releasing spermicide to immobilize sperm. Unlike diaphragms and cervical caps, the sponge does not require a prescription, making it an accessible over-the-counter option.
The sponge must be inserted at least 15 minutes before intercourse to allow the spermicide to activate. It should remain in place for at least six hours after sex but must be removed within 24 hours to avoid the risk of infection or toxic shock syndrome (TSS). The effectiveness of the sponge varies based on whether the user has given birth before, as vaginal childbirth can alter the shape of the cervix, making it harder for the sponge to fit properly.
Efficacy: For people who have never given birth, the sponge is 88% effective with typical use. However, for those who have given birth, the effectiveness is about 76%, meaning nearly 24 out of 100 users may become pregnant within a year.
Short-Acting Contraception (SAC)
Birth Control Pills
Birth control pills or oral contraceptive pills come in two main types: Combination Pills (COCs) and Progestin-Only Pills (POPs).
COCs contain both estrogen and progestin, which work together to prevent ovulation, thicken the cervical mucus, and alter the uterine lining to prevent pregnancy. If doses are missed, the risk of pregnancy increases and additional contraception may be needed.
POPs, or mini-pills, contain only progestin. These primarily work by thickening cervical mucus to block sperm from reaching the egg and can also partially suppress ovulation. They need to be taken at the same time every day without fail. Missing even a small window of time between doses can reduce their effectiveness, requiring backup contraception if a dose is missed.
Both types of pills offer benefits beyond pregnancy prevention, such as regulating periods, reducing menstrual cramps, and potentially lowering the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers. However, they do not protect against STIs.
Efficacy: With perfect use, both COCs and POPs are 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. However, with typical use, the effectiveness of both methods is about 91%, meaning that approximately 9 out of every 100 women using these pills may experience an unintended pregnancy within a year.
Contraceptive Patch
The birth control patch is a small, thin adhesive worn on the skin that continuously releases estrogen and progestin into the bloodstream. It is applied once a week for three consecutive weeks, followed by a patch-free week to allow for menstruation. This method eliminates the need for daily pill-taking, making it a more convenient option for some individuals.
However, the effectiveness of the patch may be lower in individuals who weigh over 90 kg (198 lbs), as hormonal absorption can be affected by body weight. Additionally, some users may experience mild skin irritation at the application site. Like other hormonal methods, the patch may also cause side effects such as nausea, headaches, and breast tenderness.
Efficacy: When used perfectly, the contraceptive patch is 99% effective, but with typical use, its effectiveness is about 91%, meaning about 9 out of 100 people relying on the patch will experience an unintended pregnancy within a year.
Hormonal Injection
The contraceptive injection contains a high dose of progestin and is administered once every three months by a doctor. This method prevents pregnancy by stopping ovulation, thickening the cervical mucus, and thinning the uterine lining. Because it requires only four injections per year, it is a convenient option for individuals who prefer a low-maintenance contraceptive method.
One drawback of the injection is that it may cause irregular menstrual cycles, especially in the first few months of use. Some users may experience prolonged spotting or a complete absence of periods. Additionally, it can take several months to over a year for fertility to return after stopping the injections, making it less suitable for those planning to conceive in the near future. Long-term use (over two years) may also lead to a decrease in bone density, so calcium and vitamin D intake should be monitored.
Efficacy: When used perfectly, injectable contraceptives are 99% effective, but with typical use, their effectiveness is about 94%, meaning about 6 out of 100 people relying on injectable contraception will experience an unintended pregnancy within a year.
Vaginal Ring
The contraceptive vaginal ring is a small, flexible, plastic ring that is inserted into the vagina. It releases a combination of two hormones, estrogen and progestin, which work together to prevent pregnancy. These hormones prevent ovulation (the release of an egg), thicken cervical mucus to block sperm, and alter the uterine lining to prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg.
For use, the ring is inserted into the vagina, where it stays in place for three weeks. After three weeks, the user removes the ring for a one-week break (referred to as the "ring-free week"). During this week, the user will typically experience withdrawal bleeding, similar to a period. After the break, a new ring is inserted to start the next cycle.
Efficacy: When used perfectly, the contraceptive vaginal ring is over 99% effective, but with typical use, its effectiveness drops to about 93%, meaning about 7 out of 100 people relying on the ring for contraception will experience an unintended pregnancy within a year.
Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC)
LARCs (Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives) are highly effective birth control methods that provide long-term protection against pregnancy but can be removed or discontinued if desired. LARCs include intrauterine devices (IUDs) and contraceptive implants. These methods work by either releasing hormones or creating a physical barrier that prevents sperm from reaching an egg or interfering with implantation.
LARCs are convenient for people who prefer a "set it and forget it" approach, as they don't require daily attention or regular visits to the doctor once inserted. LARCs are known for their high efficacy rates, with very low failure rates compared to other methods of contraception.
Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are small, T-shaped devices inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. They are among the most effective long-term contraceptive options, lasting from 3 to 10 years, depending on the type. IUDs offer convenience since they require little maintenance after insertion. However, the insertion procedure may cause temporary discomfort or cramping.
Hormonal IUDs
Hormonal IUDs release progestin, which thickens the cervical mucus, prevents ovulation in some individuals, and thins the uterine lining, making implantation less likely. They provide long-term protection for 3 to 7 years, depending on the brand.
Besides preventing pregnancy, hormonal IUDs may help reduce heavy menstrual bleeding and cramping, making them a popular choice for individuals with painful periods. However, some people may experience irregular bleeding in the first few months after insertion.
Copper IUDs (Non-Hormonal)
Copper IUDs do not contain hormones but instead release copper ions, which create a toxic environment for sperm, preventing fertilization. They provide protection for up to 10 years, making them the longest-lasting reversible contraceptive method.
Copper IUDs can also be used as emergency contraception if inserted within five days after unprotected intercourse. However, they may cause heavier or more painful periods in some individuals, especially in the first few months after insertion.
Efficacy: When used perfectly, both hormonal and cooper IUDs are over 99% effective, with less than 1 in 100 people experiencing an unintended pregnancy within a year. There is no such thing as a typical use since they are a set and forget method.
Hormonal Implant
The hormonal implant is a small, flexible rod about the size of a matchstick that is inserted under the skin of the upper arm. It continuously releases progestin into the bloodstream and provides long-term contraception for up to five years. The implant is one of the most effective contraceptive methods, as it eliminates the risk of user error once inserted.
The insertion and removal procedures must be performed by a doctor, and while the process is quick and minimally invasive, some individuals may experience mild bruising, swelling, or discomfort at the insertion site. Side effects can include irregular bleeding patterns, and in some cases, periods may become lighter or stop altogether. Once removed, fertility typically returns quickly.
Efficacy: Just like IUDs, implants do not have a typical usage since they just have to be set once. their effectiveness is over 99%.
Limiting Contraceptive Methods
For individuals seeking a permanent solution, surgical sterilization procedures are available. These methods are irreversible and should only be considered by those who are certain they do not want future pregnancies.
Tubal Ligation (Female Sterilization)
Tubal ligation involves cutting, sealing, or tying the fallopian tubes, preventing eggs from reaching the uterus. It is a highly effective and permanent method with a low failure rate. The procedure is usually performed laparoscopically (using a thin, lighted tube with a camera to examine or treat the organs inside the abdomen or pelvis) and has a short recovery period.
Efficacy: This method is over 99% effective since they do not have a typical use.
Vasectomy (Male Sterilization)
A vasectomy is a minor surgical procedure that blocks or cuts the vas deferens, preventing sperm from being released in semen. It is simpler, less invasive, and has a shorter recovery time compared to tubal ligation. However, sterility is not immediate - it takes about three months for all remaining sperm to clear from the reproductive tract.
Efficacy: It is over 99% effective since there is no scope for incorrect use by the individual using this method of contraception.
Emergency Contraception
Emergency contraception is a method used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure. Unprotected sex refers to sexual activity, particularly vaginal intercourse, without the use of a condom or any other form of birth control. Contraceptive failure can occur when there are missed doses of birth control pills, or when a barrier method, such as a condom, slips, leaks, or breaks during sex.
Emergency contraception is not intended for routine use but serves as a crucial backup option when other contraceptive methods fail.
Emergency Contraceptive Pills (Morning-After Pill)
These pills contain high doses of levonorgestrel or ulipristal acetate, which delay ovulation. They are most effective when taken as soon as possible after unprotected sex but can work up to five days later in case of a ullipristal formulation in the pill and 72 hours if the particular pill contains levonogestrel. However, their effectiveness decreases the longer one waits.
In some women, the use of an ECP may cause nausea, fatigue, or headaches. Frequent use of emergency contraceptive pills can disrupt menstrual cycles in some individuals. They do not protect against STIs.
Efficacy: Depending on the timing, emergency contraceptive pills reduce the risk of pregnancy by 75-89%.
Natural Contraception
Natural methods of contraception rely on understanding and tracking the body’s natural fertility signs to prevent pregnancy. These methods do not involve hormones, medical devices, or surgical interventions, making them an attractive option for individuals seeking a more holistic approach to family planning. Instead, they focus on the careful observation of the menstrual cycle, cervical mucus, and other physical cues to determine fertile and infertile days.
While natural methods can be effective for some, they require commitment, consistency, and a solid understanding of the body’s signals. It’s important to note that, unlike other contraceptive methods, natural methods are highly dependent on human behavior and biological variations (for eg., variations n the fertility window because of an irregular menstrual cycle), which can impact their reliability.
Withdrawal Method (Coitus Interruptus)
The withdrawal method involves the male partner pulling out of the vagina before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the female reproductive tract. It is a widely practiced method due to its immediacy and lack of cost, but it requires a high level of self-control and precise timing. The effectiveness of this method depends on whether withdrawal happens before any sperm is released. However, pre-ejaculatory fluid (pre-cum) may contain sperm, which can still lead to pregnancy.
Efficacy: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), with typical use, the withdrawal method has an estimated failure rate of 22%, meaning that 22 out of 100 people using this method for a year will become pregnant.
Fertility Awareness-Based Methods (FABMs)
Fertility awareness-based methods involve tracking a person’s menstrual cycle to determine fertile and infertile days. Couples either avoid sex or use barrier protection during the fertile window. These methods require consistency in monitoring bodily signs and can be affected by irregular cycles, illness, or stress.
Calendar (Rhythm) Method: This method involves recording menstrual cycles over several months to estimate the fertile window. Since ovulation typically occurs around 14 days before the next period, individuals avoid unprotected sex during the most fertile days. However, menstrual cycle variations make this method less reliable, with a failure rate of approximately 14-24% with typical use.
Basal Body Temperature (BBT) Method: BBT tracking involves measuring body temperature every morning before getting out of bed. A slight rise in temperature (0.2–0.5°C) indicates ovulation has occurred. To prevent pregnancy, individuals must avoid unprotected sex for several days before and after ovulation. This method has a failure rate of about 1-5% with perfect use, but it can be less reliable with typical use due to factors like infections or disrupted sleep affecting temperature readings.
Cervical Mucus Method (Billings Ovulation Method): This method requires observing changes in cervical mucus throughout the menstrual cycle. Fertile mucus is clear, stretchy, and slippery, resembling egg whites. Individuals avoid sex or use protection during days when this type of mucus is present. This method can be up to 77-98% effective when used correctly, but factors such as infections and hormonal fluctuations can make mucus interpretation challenging.
Symptothermal Method: This combines BBT, cervical mucus observation, and additional fertility signs (such as mild pelvic pain during ovulation) to improve accuracy. It is one of the most effective fertility tracking methods, with a failure rate as low as 2-5% with perfect use. However, it requires thorough education and dedication to tracking multiple signs daily.
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
LAM is a temporary contraceptive method based on exclusive breastfeeding. When a person breastfeeds frequently (every 4-6 hours), the body suppresses ovulation due to hormonal changes. This method is up to 98% effective in preventing pregnancy but is only reliable for the first six months postpartum, provided the individual has not resumed menstruation and the baby is exclusively breastfed. Once breastfeeding frequency decreases or menstruation returns, additional contraception is required.
Limitations and Considerations
While natural methods can be effective when followed strictly, they require high levels of discipline, consistency, and knowledge of reproductive health. Factors such as irregular cycles, hormonal changes, illness, or lifestyle variations can reduce their accuracy. Additionally, natural methods do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), making them less suitable for individuals with multiple partners or those at risk of exposure to STIs.
Natural contraception can be a viable option for those who prefer hormone-free methods, but for maximum effectiveness, many individuals combine them with other contraceptive options, such as barrier methods. Consulting a doctor or fertility specialist can help determine the best approach based on individual health, cycle regularity, and lifestyle.
Choosing the Right Method
Choosing the right contraceptive method is a highly personal decision influenced by factors such as effectiveness, ease of use, health considerations, relationship dynamics, and future pregnancy plans. While some individuals prefer hormonal methods for their additional benefits, such as menstrual cycle regulation and reduced period pain, others may opt for non-hormonal options like copper IUDs or barrier methods to avoid potential side effects.
Long-term solutions like implants and IUDs provide set-and-forget convenience, while short-term options like birth control pills require strict adherence to schedules to maintain effectiveness. Emergency contraception serves as an essential backup, but it should not be used as a primary method due to its lower efficacy compared to regular contraception.
Beyond pregnancy prevention, contraception plays a crucial role in reproductive autonomy and sexual health. Barrier methods like male and female condoms remain the only contraceptive options that also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. This makes them particularly important for individuals with multiple partners or those in non-monogamous relationships.
Additionally, contraceptive access and education are critical components of public health efforts to reduce unintended pregnancies, improve maternal health outcomes, and promote gender equality. Despite advancements in contraceptive options, accessibility remains a global challenge, particularly in rural and underserved areas.
Conclusion
Societal stigma, misinformation, and economic barriers often prevent individuals from making informed choices about their reproductive health. Comprehensive sex education, accessible healthcare services, and destigmatizing conversations around contraception are necessary to ensure that everyone has the knowledge and resources to make empowered decisions.
Ultimately, the best contraceptive method is the one that aligns with an individual’s health, lifestyle, and reproductive goals. Consulting a doctor is essential for understanding the risks and benefits of different options and selecting the most suitable one. With increased awareness and accessibility, contraception can continue to support reproductive autonomy, sexual well-being, and overall health for individuals worldwide.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the most effective form of contraception?
Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) such as IUDs and implants have the highest effectiveness (>99%) since they do not rely on daily adherence.
Can contraception cause infertility?
No, most contraceptives do not cause long-term infertility. Fertility typically returns after stopping their use, although some methods like injections may cause temporary delays.
Are there any natural contraception methods?
Natural methods like fertility awareness and withdrawal exist but have higher failure rates due to inconsistencies in tracking ovulation.
What should I do if my contraception fails?
If a condom breaks or a pill is missed, emergency contraception can help prevent pregnancy. Consulting a doctor for guidance is advisable.
Important
This blog, including its text, images, and infographics, is for educational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. For personalized advice, always consult a doctor.
Further Reading
For more details on this or related topics, refer to the papers listed in references below, or check out the other blogs on our website dulycare.in.
References
World Health Organization (WHO). Contraception. Accessed on 12 February 2025. https://www.who.int/health-topics/contraception#tab=tab_1
World Health Organization (WHO). Family Planning /Contraception Methods. Accessed on 12 February 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Contraception. Accessed on 12 February 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/contraception/about/index.html
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The Right to Contraceptive Information and Services for Women and Adolescents. Accessed on 12 February 2025. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Contraception.pdf
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